Brazil and the U.S.: Economic and Social Commonalities

 

 Encouraging private sector investments.

Two things aided the commercialization of agricultural biotechnology beginning in the 1980s: first, the granting of patents on genetically altered plants, and second, the Bayh-Dole legislation, which allowed for the filing of patent protection applications on government financed research. Soon, start-ups from research labs began applying biotechnology to agriculture. Then seed, chemical, fertilizer, and pesticide industries began to use the technique.
In the United States, intellectual property protection was one of the elements that encouraged the private sector to engage in industry innovation. The government also approved the Bayh-Dole Act, which permitted universities to claim intellectual property rights over innovations created with public funds. These two aspects improved the appropriability procedures, which stimulate the private sector to develop in agriculture. According to one study, the increase in private agricultural expenditures in life sciences, as well as R&D investments in machinery and chemicals, is due to modifications in IP rights for biological inventions (Wright and Pardey, 2006).

IP protection has also provided an incentive mechanism for the private sector to collaborate closely with state research laboratories. 

Governments found that partnering with the corporate sector made it easier to market their research. This was seen in the adoption of crop biotechnology in the United States (Graff and Hamdan-Livramento, 2019).
Many agricultural biotechnology advances in the United States were developed in publicly supported research facilities before being commercialized by start-ups or through public-private partnerships with private enterprises (Kenney, 1988). This was contrary to the usual trend in Europe, where large chemical and pharmaceutical corporations preferred to undertake their own research and commercialization activities domestically.
Innovators also emerged in agricultural commodity processing, with some of the region's agribusinesses becoming global leaders in food and beverage manufacturing, including Coors Brewing (now Molson Coors), Monfort Meats (acquired by JBS), Leprino Foods, and Celestial Seasonings (now Hain Celestial). These corporate leaders were recently followed by a counterrevolution of consumer-driven food and beverage companies that prioritize quality, health, and the environment.
Furthermore, Colorado became a major region for aerospace, satellite, and atmospheric research due to the regional concentration of U.S. military facilities and federal laboratories such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which model and predict weather for agriculture and other applications such as remote sensing.
⦁ Frontier capabilities imply diversity and sophistication.
The US economy is thought to be at the forefront of innovation. Unsurprisingly, it is also a pioneer in agricultural technology. Figure 11 contrasts the economy's capacities across various output, scientific publications, and technological aspects from 2004 to 2020, demonstrating how the specialist domains are related and concentrated together. The United States possesses the know-how to produce rare and advanced technologies, which is why it is the world's greatest agricultural exporter.

The United States have broad and advanced innovation capabilities.

As a biotechnology hub, the United States was able to develop its local capabilities through interactions between its strong public research center and institutions on the one hand, and the motivated private sector on the other. The appropriability conditions, such as intellectual property protection, also aided the private sector's involvement in agricultural research and development. A breakthrough in agricultural biotechnology development in the United States resulted in specialization in the technology. Stanford University and the University of California, San Francisco pioneered the development of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology in bacteria, laying the groundwork for molecular DNA research. By mid-1970, the medical field had accepted and modified biotechnology tools and practices.
It took almost a decade for this instrument and approach to make its way into agriculture. This was due in part to a lack of knowledge spillover between medical researchers who used the technology and AgTech researchers (Graff and Hamdan-Livramento, 2019). The initial application of biotechnology tools was in veterinary research for animal health, followed by plant breeding.

Colorado is the United States' second largest agricultural and food innovation cluster, tied with New York and trailing only Silicon Valley. Its originality.

The ecosystem includes a diverse spectrum of public sector research institutes, enterprises, and a thriving start-up community. Some of these new start-ups are focusing on harnessing and applying the latest wave of digital technologies to the industry. Precision agriculture is an AgTech sector that focuses on optimizing farming conditions and procedures via the use of digital technology that collect vast amounts of data. There is also a thriving agricultural industry in the region. These agribusinesses include innovators in water technology and infrastructure, soil fertility and pest control, plant genetics and new crop varieties, animal health, nutrition and health management, bioenergy, commodity processing and food manufacturing, natural, organic, and local foods, as well as marketing services (Graff et al., 2014).